Resistance coefficient K

Δ p	: Pressure loss of the component
K	: Dimensionless resistance coefficient (friction factor) of the component. K is assumed to be constant.
ρ	: Density
v	: Average speed in the characteristic cross section
	: Volume flow
A	: Characteristic cross section
d	: Inner diameter of the characteristic cross section. For valves as a general rule the characteristic diameter equals the nominal diameter DN.

Equation (1) is derived from the equation of Darcy-Weisbach .

The resistance coefficient K is assumed to be constant. This assumption is correct for completely turbulent flow. In many other cases the inaccuracy is acceptable. With K=const. equation (1) can be written as follows:


The valve manufacturer Mason-Neilan (MA, USA) introduced in the 1940s the flow coefficient c_v . In the 1950s c_v was introduced as k_v -value   (k_vs-value for rated travel) in the metric system [Früh 1957]. The flow coefficients c_v and k_v describe a valve´s reference point of operation . The reference fluid is water (ρ_o = density of water at 15,6 ºC) [VDI/VDE 2173-2007 page 8].

kv	: o = kv [m³/h]	@   Δpo = 1 [bar]
cv,us	: o = cv,us [USgal/min]	@   Δpo = 1 [psi]		≡		o[m³/h] = 0.2271 cv,us [USgal/min]	@   Δpo = 0.0689 [bar]
cv,uk	: o = cv,uk [UKgal/min]	@   Δpo = 1 [psi]		≡		o[m³/h] = 0.2728 cv,uk [UKgal/min]	@   Δpo = 0.0689 [bar]

With equation (4) we can describe the correlation between k_v and c_v Putting equation (1) to K and with A = π/4 d² the correlation between resistance coefficient K and flow coefficient k_v becomes equation (5):

By lowering the pressure behind a valve the volume flow can´t rise without limits. Pressures below the vapour pressure lead to cavitation. The noise level rises and at maximum cavitation we face choked flow. According to [VDI/VDE 2173-2007 page 10] we can note for control valves:

p1: Absolute pressure at the inlet pv: Vapour pressure pc: Critical pressure (Water: pc=221,2 bar)

Ball valve : FL= 0.5-0.7 Butterfly valve (aperture angle 60-70º) : FL= 0.55-0.75 Low-noise control valve : FL= 0.88-0.98

More detailed information (including not turbulent flow) can be found in [DIN EN 60534 2012].

Literature

[DIN EN 60534 2012] DIN EN 60534-2-1: Stellventile für die Prozessregelung, Beuth-Verlag Berlin, Januar 2012

[Früh 1957] K.F.Früh: Berechnung des Durchflusses in Regelventilen mit Hilfe des kv-Koeffizienten, Regelungstechnik Heft 9; 5. Jahrgang 1957

[VDI/VDE 2173-2007] VDI/VDE 2173: Stömungstechnische Kenngrössen von Stellventilen und deren Bestimmung, Beuth-Verlag Berlin, September 2007